Gender, Disability, and ADA Title I Employment Discrimination: A Comparison of Male and Female Charging Party Characteristics: The National EEOC ADA Research Project

Main Article Content

Allen N. Lewis
Jessica E Hurley
Pam Lewis
Brian T. McMahon

Keywords

gender, disability, employment, Americans with Disabilities Act

Abstract

Demographic characteristics of female charging parties in comparison to males who filed allegations of workplace discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act were examined using a secondary database maintained by the United States’ Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Findings indicated that charging parties have distinct profiles related to demographic characteristics. 

Abstract 477 | PDF Downloads 142 Word Downloads 99 Text Downloads 129

References

American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc. (AARDA, 2009). Autoimmune disease in women. Retrieved from http://www.aarda.org/women_and_autoimmunity.php

Asch, A., & Fine, M. (1988). Introduction: Beyond pedestals. In M. Fine and A. Asch (Eds.), Women with disabilities: Essays in psychology, culture and politics. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Balcazar, F. E., Keys, C. B., & Suarez-Balcazar, Y. (2001). Empowering Latinos with disabilities to address issues of independent living and disability rights: A capacity-building approach. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 21(2), 53-70.

Burke, R. (1999). Disability and females’ work experiences: An exploratory study. International Journal of Sociology & Social Policy, 19, 21–33.

Burkhauser, R., Houtenville, A., & Wittenburg, D. (2001, October 18-19). A user guide to current statistics on the employment of people with disabilities. Paper presented at the conference on The Persistence of Low Employment Rates of People with Disabilities—Cause and Policy Implications, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.ilru.org/html/training/webcasts/handouts/2001/11-14-AH/current_statistics.html.

Centers for Disease Control (2006). Prevalence and Most Common Causes of Disability Among Adults United States 2005, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5816a2.htm#fig

Coleman, M. G., Darity, W. A., and Sharpe, R. V. (2008). Are reports of discrimination valid? Considering the moral hazard effect. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 67, 149-167.

Conyers, L., Boomer, K., and McMahon, B. (2005). Workplace discrimination and HIV/AIDS: The National EEOC ADA Research Project. WORK: Journal of Assessment, Prevention, and Rehabilitation, 25(1), 37-48.

Cortina, L. M. (2008). Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 33, 55-75.

Dainty, R.J., & Lingard, H. (2006). Indirect discrimination in construction organizations and the impact on women's careers. Journal of Management in Engineering, 108-118.

Dittmann, M. (2005) Generational differences at work. APA Monitor on Psychology, 36(6), 54. Retrieved from www.natemcguire.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Generational-Differences-at-Work.pdf

Endicott, S. (2005, March). Workplace accommodations. Paper presented at the Technology and Persons with Disabilities Conference, Northridge, CA.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC, 2007). Enforcement guidance: Unlawful disparate treatment of workers with caregiving responsibilities (Notice number 915.002). Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/caregiving.html

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC, 2008). Sex-Based Discrimination Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/types/sex.html

Featherstone, L. (2009). Wage differences among closure 26 status competitively employed women and men with disabilities who received VR services from RSA in 2006 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Arkansas.

Fox, M. H., & Kim, K. (2004). Understanding emerging disabilities. Disability and Society, 19(4), 323-337.

Friedlander, J. (2008). Women, work, and autoimmune disease: Keep working girlfriend! New York: Demos Health.

Gutman, A. (Ed.). (2000). EEO law and personnel practices (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hill, E. (2002). The labor force participation of older women: Retired? working? both? Monthly Labor Review, 125. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2002/09/art4full.pdf

Hale, T. W., Hayghe, H., & McNeil, H. (1998) Persons with disabilities: Labor market activity, 1994. Monthly Labor Review. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1998/09/art1full.pdf

Jans, L. & Stoddard, S. (1999). Chartbook on females and disability in the United States: An InfoUse report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research.

Joffe, R., & Friedlander, J. (2008) Women, work and autoimmune disease: Keep working, girlfriend! New York: Demos Medical Publishing.

Kutza, E. (1985). Benefits for the disabled: How beneficial for females? In M. J. Deegan & N. A. Brooks (Eds.), Females and disability: The double handicap. Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Lewis, A., McMahon, B., West, S., Armstrong, A., and Belongia, L. (2005). Workplace discrimination and asthma: The National EEOC ADA Research Project. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 23(3), 189-196.

Lipson, J. G., & Doiron, N. (2006). Environmental issues and work: Women with multiple chemical sensitivities. Health Care for Women International, 27, 571-584.

Lowman, D. K., West, S. I., & McMahon, B. T. (2005). Workplace discrimination and cerebral palsy: The national EEOC ADA Research Project. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 23(3), 171–178.

McKenna, M., (2005). Discriminatory practices charged under EEOC: An empirical analysis of investigated complaints filed by those who have cancer (Doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, College Park.

McMahon, B., Roessler, R., Rumrill, P., Hurley, J., West, S., Chan, F., and Carlson, L. (2008). Hiring discrimination against people with disabilities under the ADA: Characteristics of charging parties. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 18(2), 122-132.

McMahon, B., Shaw, L., West, S., and Waid-Ebbs, K. (2005). Workplace discrimination and spinal cord injury: The National EEOC ADA Research Project. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 23(3), 166-162.

McNeil, M. J., & Kroll, T. (2004). Women and emerging disabilities. In B. G. Smith & B. Hutchison (Eds.), Gendering Disabilities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University.

Menz, F., Hansen, G., Smith, H., Brown, C., Ford, M., & McCrowey, G. (1989). Gender equity in access, services, and benefits from vocational rehabilitation. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 55(1), 31-41.

Mitchell, P., McMahon, B., and McKee, D. (2005). Workplace discrimination and speech impairment: The National EEOC ADA Research Project. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 23(3), 163-170.

Mudrick, N. A. (1988). Disabled women and public policies for income support. In M. Fine & A. Asch (Eds.), Women with disabilities: Essays in psychology, culture, and politics (pp. 245-268). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Munch, S. (2004). Gender-biased diagnosing of women's medical complaints: Contributions of feminist thought, 1970-1995. Women and Health, 40(1), 101-121.

National Institute of Mental Health (2010). The numbers count: Mental disorders in America. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/healthAmericapublications/the-numbers-count-mentald-disorders-in-america/index.shtml#Intro

Nosek, M., & Hughes, R. (2003). Psychosocial issues of women with physical disabilities: The continuing gender debate. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 46(4), 224-234.

O’Hare, B. (2004). Twice penalized: Employment discrimination against women with disabilities. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 15(1), 27-34.

Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Matz-Costa, C., & Besen, E. (2009). Age and Generations: Understanding experiences at the workplace. Retrieved from The Sloan Center on Aging and Work, Boston College, http://agingandwork.bc.edu/documents/RH06_Age&Generations_2009-03-20.pdf

The Sloan Center on Aging and Work (2009, March). Fact Sheet 22. Retrieved from http://agingandwork.bc.edu/documents/FS22_OlderWomen_in_Workforce_2009-0324.pdf

Smith, D. (2007). Employment status of women with disabilities from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (1995-2002). Work, 29(2), 127-135.

Stellman, J.M. (1996). Where women work: The hazards they may face on the job. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 36(8), 814-825.

Tartaglia, A., McMahon, B., West, S., and Belongia, L. (2005). Workplace discrimination and disfigurement: The National EEOC ADA Research Project. WORK: Journal of Assessment, Prevention, and Rehabilitation, 25(1), 57-66.

Toossi, M. (2009). Labor force projections to 2018: Older workers staying more active despite their age. Monthly Labor Review, November 2009, 30-51.

Traustadottir, R. (1990). Employment, equality, and gender. Retrieved from the website of the Center on Human Policy, Syracuse University http://thechp.syr.edu/workgen.htm

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008a). Quick Stats on Women Workers. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/main.htm

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008b). Employment status of the civilian non-institutional population, 1940s to date. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#ncharemp_m.

U.S. Census Bureau (1994). Survey of income and program participation. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/sipp/disable9495.html.

U.S. Census Bureau (2000). Profile of selected social characteristics: 2000 (Table DP-2, 2000). Retrieved from www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2002/dptables/2k00.xls

U.S. Census Bureau (2001). Current population survey. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/income01.html

Vierstra, C. L., Rumrill, P. D., Koch, L. C., & McMahon, B. T. (2007). Multiple chemical sensitivity and workplace discrimination: The national EEOC ADA project. Work, 28(4), 391-402.

Von Bergen, C. W. (2008) “The Times They are a-Changin”: Family responsibilities discrimination and the EEOC. Employee and Responsibilities Rights Journal, 20(3), 177-194. Doi:10.1007/s10672-008-9064-4

World Health Organization (WHO, 2009). Gender and women’s mental health. Retrieved from www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.